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NO SOILS, NO LIFE

They’re beneath our feet, but we seldom hear important signals in the soils “A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself.” President Franklin D. Roosevelt

We walk on soils, but often give little thought to what’s right under our feet. In fact, soils are the nation’s – and the world’s – breadbasket, providing food and a host of other necessities, including new medicines and materials. No soils, no life. Soils form over hundreds of years but can be destroyed by a single event, such as a hurricane. They’re vulnerable to wind and water erosion; pollut ants, including runoff from highways; and nutrient loss. Despite a humble exterior, soils are complex ecosystems composed of or ganic matter, minerals, water, air – and billions upon billions of organisms. These ecosystems orchestrate the processes essential for plant growth, as well as food and fiber production. The U.S. National Science Foundation is funding researchers who study soils and their importance in our lives. “As the planet’s population grows, scientists need a better understanding of the soil ecosystems that play a crit ical role in supporting societies around the world,” says Enriqueta Barrera, a program director in NSF’s Division of Earth Sciences. During Earth Science Week, with its theme “Earth materials in our lives,” NSF celebrates the soils beneath us. Ordering in for dinner? Plants long ago perfected the process. Next time you’re thinking about whether to cook dinner or order in, plants have been way ahead of you for eons. NSF-funded scientists at Rice and Cornell universities discovered that plants “call” for nutrients, using soil bacteria as a delivery service. Plants read the local environment and, when necessary, make and release mol ecules called flavonoids. These molecules attract microbes that infect the plants and form nitrogen nodules in the plants’ roots, generating food. When nitrogen is already available, plants don’t need to order in, says Rice biogeochemist Caroline Masiello. Their ability to sense the presence of a

The soil under a giant sequoia contains rich, diverse life. Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons

nearby, slow-release nitrogen source – such as organic carbon – satisfies plants “hunger,” and stills their flavonoid signals. Understanding how soil carbon affects these signals offers scientists new ways of engineering beneficial interactions between plants and microbes and designing additives to balance deficiencies in soil. Leaf ‘tattoo’ monitors health of grapevines and ap ple trees Farmers and fruit growers have found that climate change is leading to increased ozone concentrations on the soil surface in their fields and or chards. That ozone can cause irreversible plant damage, reduce crop yields and threaten the food supply. Now, NSF-funded researchers led by Trisha Andrew at the University of Massachusetts Amherst have developed a way of placing “tattoos” on plant leaves. These polymer tattoos allow growers to detect and measure ozone damage, even at low levels. The tattoos also enable frequent and long-term monitoring of ozone damage to economically important crops such as grapes and apples. The scientists selected grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) as their model plant be cause the fruit yield and quality of grapevines decrease significantly when grapes are exposed to ground-level ozone, leading to economic losses. Ground-level ozone can be produced by the interaction between nitrates in fertilizer and the sun, for example, and is mitigated by early detection and soil treatments. The researchers hope their plant tattoo will be used nationwide by farmers and fruit growers, who could place a few “reporter plants” among crops to periodically monitor soil ozone levels.

Scientists have discovered that plants “call” for nutrients, using bacteria in soils as a delivery service. Photo Credit: Jeff Fitlow/Rice University

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Soil-plant communication: A two-way street If soil is “communicating” with plants, so, too, are plants with soil. Soil serves as the foundation for much of Earth’s biodiversity. There organisms interact with each other and with plants, serving important func tions in ecosystems. Trees, for example, are important drivers of microbial communities in the soil beneath them. Scientist Stephen Hart of the University of Cal ifornia, Merced, and colleagues discovered that giant sequoias influence the microbiota of the soil where they grow. “Most people look toward the sky when they approach California’s giant sequoias, in awe of the size of a single tree,” says Hart. “A mature sequoia’s main trunk can weigh more than 130 Volkswagen Beetles. But I look down and ask questions about the hidden half that’s below ground: the soil.” Because of the trees’ long lives and height, Hart believed sequoias would have big impacts on the soil beneath them. He was right. His team examined soils in the Merced and Mar iposa sequoia groves in Yosemite National Park and found that communities of microbes under giant sequoia trees were twice as species-rich as those beneath neighboring sugar pines. The soil in each grove ultimately comes from its geologic substrate: rocks and sediments be low. That substrate contributes to the diversity and composition of the microbial communities beneath trees, Hart says.

“We now know a lot more about how organ isms like bacteria influence human health, the so-called human microbiome. It’s likely that interactions among microorganisms are also critical for the health of other species, like the giant sequoia, the largest living thing on Earth.” Next time you visit a giant sequoia tree “look up,” Hart says, “and be amazed not only by its size and presence aboveground but look down at the soil and ponder how these magnificent trees are weaving an imprint on the unseen world be low.” With NSF support, Hart is expanding his re search to other giant sequoia groves in a range of geologic substrates. Earth’s ‘critical zone’: Where soil forms, allowing life to flourish Earth’s critical zone—the layer between the forest canopy and the base of weathered bedrock – is crucial to the planet’s functions. Here, soil forms from the breakdown of rocks, allowing life to flourish. To better understand and protect this narrow zone, NSF’s Critical Zone Collaborative Net work funds grantees who are investigating key questions: How does urbanization affect critical zone processes; how do critical zones function in semi-arid landscapes, and what role does dust play in sustaining these ecosystems; how can the health of the critical zone be restored after disturbances such as wildfires and floods; and how is sea level rise changing the coastal critical zone?

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“There’s still so much to be learned about the planet we call home,” says Rich ard Yuretich, director of the Critical Zone Collab orative Network program. “Scientists are developing systems-level models to pre dict how the critical zone is responding to natural and human-altered processes. The research is important for future decisions about how humans and the envi ronment should interact.” To find the best path for ward, scientists say, we need to listen to – and heed – sig nals in the soils. No soils, indeed no life.

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Earth’s critical zone—the layer between the forest canopy and the base of weathered bedrock – is crucial to the planet’s functions. Photo Credit: Jenny Parks

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ENGINEERED IMMUNE CELLS DELIVER ANTICANCER SIGNAL, PREVENT CANCER FROM SPREADING

NCI scientists have geneti cally engineered myeloid cells to deliver an anticancer sig nal to sites where cancer may spread. Scientists have genetical ly engineered immune cells, called myeloid cells, to pre cisely deliver an anticancer signal to organs where can cer may spread. In a study of mice, treatment with the en gineered cells shrank tumors and prevented the cancer from spreading to other parts of the body. “This is a novel approach to immunotherapy that appears to have promise as a poten tial treatment for metastatic cancer,” said the study’s lead er, Rosandra Kaplan, M.D., of NCI’s Center for Cancer Re search. Metastatic cancer—cancer that has spread from its orig inal location to other parts

of the body—is notoriously difficult to treat. Dr. Kaplan’s team has been exploring another approach: Preventing cancer from spreading in the first place. Before cancer spreads, it sends out signals that get distant sites ready for the cancer’s arrival—like calling ahead to have the pillows fluffed in your hotel room prior to arrival. These “primed and ready” sites, discovered by Dr. Kaplan in 2005, are called premetastatic niches. In the new study, the NCI team explored the behavior of immune cells in the premetastatic niche. Because Dr. Kaplan is a pediatric oncologist, the team mainly studied mice implanted with rhabdomyosarcoma, a type of cancer that develops in the muscles of children and often spreads to their lungs. To study the premetastatic niche, the researchers looked at the lungs of the mice after tumors formed in the leg muscle but before the cancer was found in the lungs. The immune system’s natural ability to attack cancer was present but actively stifled in the lungs, the NCI scientists discovered. There were few cancer-killing immune cells, but many cells that suppress the im mune system. Myeloid cells, in particular, were abundant in the premetastatic niche and continued to gather there as the cancer progressed. Myeloid cells are part of the body’s first response to infection, injury, and cancer. When they de tect a threat, they normally make interleukin 12 (IL-12), a signal that alerts and activates other immune cells. But myeloid cells in the lung premetastat

ic niche instead sent out signals that told cancer-fighting immune cells to stand down, the researchers found. Together, these features of the lung premetastatic niche allow cancer cells to thrive when they spread there, Dr. Kaplan explained. The NCI team wondered if they could take advantage of myeloid cells to spur the immune system into action in the premetastatic niche by changing the message they deliver. So, they used genetic engineering to add an extra gene for IL-12 to myeloid cells from lab mice. “We chose myeloid cells to deliver IL-12 based on their unique ability to home to tumors and metastatic sites,” Dr. Kaplan said. “With IL-12, we’re turning the volume up on a message that’s been quieted.” In mice with rhabdomyosarcoma, these genetically engineered myeloid cells, nicknamed GEMys, produced IL-12 in the primary tumor and in met astatic sites. As hoped, the GEMys recruited and activated cancer-killing immune cells in the premetastatic niche and lowered the signals that sup press the immune system, the researchers found. “We were excited to see that the GEMys ‘changed the conversation’ in the premetastatic niche. They were now telling other immune cells to get ready to fight the cancer,” Dr. Kaplan said. As a result, mice treated with GEMys had less metastatic cancer in the lungs, smaller tumors in the muscle, and they lived substantially longer than mice treated with nonengineered myeloid cells. The researchers found similar re sults when they studied mice with pancreatic tumors that spread to the liver.

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The NCI team also found that, in combination with chemotherapy, surgery, or T-cell transfer therapy, the effects of the GEMy treatment im proved. For example, giving mice a single dose of chemotherapy two days before the GEMy infu sion cured mice with rhabdomyosarcoma, mean ing the treatment completely eliminated all traces of cancer for more than 100 days. “I have never seen that kind of durable cure in my research before. Typically, cancer growth will slow down after treatment, but then it will come back with a vengeance,” Dr. Kaplan said. The team also found evidence that the chemo therapy and GEMys combination might prevent cancer from coming back. When the researchers reintroduced cancer cells into mice that had been cured by the combination treatment, tumors didn’t form. This suggests that the combination treatment leaves a long-lasting “immune memo ry” of the cancer, the researchers explained. As a final step in their study, the researchers cre ated GEMys from human cells grown in the lab. In lab dishes, the genetically engineered human cells produced IL-12 and activated cancer-killing immune cells. The team plans to test the safety of human GE

Mys in a clinical trial of adults with cancer and, if it proves to be safe, in children and adolescents with cancer. There are many unanswered ques tions they hope to explore, including whether the homing pattern of GEMys is similar in humans and mice, and whether IL-12 from the GEMys will cause side effects in patients. But the researchers are reassured by several fac tors. “We are delivering a small amount of IL-12 that’s similar to the body’s natural response to an infection, creating a ripple effect of immune ac tivation against the cancer. In addition, GEMys don’t multiply rapidly inside the body, so they’re not flooding the system with IL-12,” explained Sabina Kaczanowska, Ph.D., first author of the study. These are important considerations be cause high levels of IL-12 throughout the body can be toxic. “Although there are challenges of planning a first-in-human trial of a cell therapy, I’m grateful to have access to the resources of the NIH Clin ical Center and to be able to lean on the experi ence of my NCI colleagues who have had decades of experience developing cell therapies for can cer,” Dr. Kaplan added. Credit: National Cancer Institute

About the Center for Cancer Research (CCR): CCR comprises nearly 250 teams conducting ba sic, translational, and clinical research in the NCI intramural program—an environment support ing innovative science aimed at improving hu man health. CCR’s clinical program is housed at the NIH Clinical Center—the world’s largest hos pital dedicated to clinical research. For more in formation about CCR and its programs, visit ccr. cancer.gov. About the National Cancer Institute (NCI): NCI leads the National Cancer Program and NIH’s efforts to dramatically reduce the prevalence of cancer and improve the lives of cancer patients and their families, through research into preven tion and cancer biology, the development of new interventions, and the training and mentoring of new researchers. For more information about cancer, please visit the NCI website at cancer. gov or call NCI’s contact center, the Cancer Infor mation Service, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422 6237). About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation’s medical research agency, in cludes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a compo nent of the U.S. Department of Health and Hu man Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigat ing the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more informa tion about NIH and its programs, visit nih.gov.

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GOODBYE DEAR OLD 438 By Richard Mabey Jr.

Timmy’s Story: A SENSORY FRIENDLY BIRTHDAY By, Pam Teel Young Author Tim Rohrer, who has overcome many obstacles in his life due to his autism, is set to release his second children’s book. The book is a sequel to his first book, Timmy’s Story: A Story About Autism and Friendship . His first book, focuses on inclusion, and is based on his own past life experiences. His second book, Timmy’s Story: A Sensory Friendly Birthday, also is a reflection of his past, and teaches one about autism through the eyes of someone who lived it. For those with autism, sensory sensitivities may make birthday parties difficult to enjoy. Tim’s second book tells a true story, with that in mind, about how his teacher and his classmates made his birthday party one that he could enjoy. Tim’s brother Daniel, who is a senior at Allentown High School, is doing his senior practicum helping behind the scenes of “Tips4Inclusion.” He did the book editing for his brother. Tim has not only become an author but a speaker, self-advocate, and educator of disabilities. He has been asked to speak at schools, conferences, and has also received a commendation from the NJ State Senate and Assemblymen. He is also a managing partner of a teen founded nonprof it organization called 5Help Foundation. To learn more about Tim and the amazing resources he created, check out his website at: https://tips4inclusion.wixsite.com/disabilityinclusion. Tim’s new book is now available to purchase on Amazon. As I write this article, it is nighttime, Thursday, the first of May. On Saturday, the tenth of May, I will say farewell to my Florida home in The Villages. My sister and I are moving to Northern Ocala. It’s a long story, but it’s just time to move. Having purchased this home in June of 2008, I’ve lived in this home for nearly 17 years now. That’s a bit of a long time. My desk, in my bedroom, looks out to my front yard. I con servatively estimate that I have written well over 3,00 articles and true-life stories at this desk. I’ve seen all so many people walk by house. No doubt, a few hundred people, over the years walked by my front yard. Some I became good friends with, some I barely knew and some I knew not at all. It’s just the way it is in The Villages. It’s all bittersweet. In some ways, I’m looking forward to mov ing on. In some ways, I’m very sad. From 2009 till 2016, I wrote and published a little monthly neighborhood newsletter. Then from 2010 till 2025, I had the honor to serve as the Editor-in-Chief of a twice weekly newslet ter that was published by The Villages Diabetic Support Group. I wrote stories and articles for my church newsletter. And wrote some public relations articles for my church, that were published in local newspapers. And, for a few years, I wrote a regular column for a weekly newspaper in Belleview, Florida. Plus writ ing many articles and true-life stories for several New Jersey based newspapers. And, I wrote two books from this desk and self-published both of them. The old 438 marker in my front yard. To the left-hand side is the very window that I look out from, as I once wrote all so many stories and articles.

I love to write. It is a gift that the dear Lord has given to me. It truly is just that, a gift from God. I give all the credit to God. I’m very serious about that. Life is all so strange at times. My life has been filled with all so many twists and turns. Although I never married, I was blessed to know the love of a few very fine women. I never met any of them at the alter. Sometimes their Daddy didn’t like me and put a wedge between myself and my beloved. Other times, religious differences brought a degree of strife. At one point in my life, I dated a very wonderful woman who was a devout Catholic. At the time, I was earnestly serving as an Elder, School Teacher and Youth Minister at the First Re formed Church of Lincoln Park. I just felt all so strongly that God wanted me to stay at FRC. My beloved, at the time, be came more and more upset with me for not wanting to convert

to be Catholic. I look back now, with a tinge of sorrow. Now at 71, tonight I wonder what view awaits me when I sit at my new home, looking out the window and writing my heart out, a symphony of true life stories. There are many stories alive within my heart that I long to write. I hope and pray that the dear Lord gives me the time to write them all down. Richard Mabey Jr. is a freelance writer. He has had two books published. He hosts a YouTube Channel titled, “Richard Mabey Presents.” He can be reached at richardmabeyjr@gmail.com.

12 4 CNJ+ | FORMERLY THE MILLSTONE TIMES CNJ+ | FORMERLY THE MILLSTONE TIMES

JULY 2025 MAY 2023

MY LAST HIKE ON THE APPALACHIAN TRAIL By Richard Mabey Jr.

In late June of 1996, I hiked the Appala chian Trail for the last time. I did not know it at the time, that it would be my last time hiking this wonderful and magnificent wood ed trail. The late Reverend Fred Herwaldt and I took the boys, who had just finished a rig orous one-year term of both religious stud ies and hard-working service to their church in their pursuit to earn the coveted God and Country Award. My dad, Reverend Herwaldt and myself had led the weekly God and Country Award classes at the First Reformed Church of Lin coln Park. This very special award is a com bined effort of Boy Scouts of America and the Reformed Church of America. There is a scouting religious award for just about every faith known to mankind. The boys earnestly studied and worked hard on service projects for their church. From raking leaves to cleaning windows to repair ing the binding on hymnals, the boys learned the practical side of serving their church. But aside from hard work, the boys had complet ed a rigorous academic study of the Holy Bi ble. Written tests on Bible knowledge are giv en to the boys, usually once a month, in the course of the year-long study.

Yours truly (fourth from the left hand side) with some of the scouts who hiked the Appalachian Trail, back in late June of 1996.

As we hiked the wild and wonderful Appalachian Trail of New Jersey, I felt the shadow of my father. I was just 11 years old, when I first hiked the AT. Now, over 30 years had passed. I was no longer the Tenderfoot Scout, walking beside my father. I was now the responsible leader. Ever watchful for snakes that might plunge upon one of the boys. It was only a day hike. But I think we all came away from that special day, a little more aware of God’s beauty in nature. And soon the boys would all be honored with the presentation of their hard-earned God and Country medals, at a church service. This was the completion of a special, year-long endeavor the boys had undertaken. I was immensely proud of the boys, who hiked all those miles in just one day. I think we had finished out hike at about 8:00 that night. We had cooked a group supper along the trail, consisting of beef stew and buttered hard rolls. There was a genuine spirit of good fellowship that prevailed. I had no idea at the time, that this would be the last time that I would hike the AT. Now, at 70, with a serious heart condition, I am resigned to return to the dear old Appalachian Trail in memory only. If your healthy and in fairly good shape, please do consider hiking the Appalachian Trail. If only to go for a full-day hike. There is an endearing quality to the trail that will move your heart and give you a deeper appreciation of God’s breath-taking creations in nature. Richard Mabey Jr. is a freelance writer. He hosts a YouTube Channel titled, “Richard Mabey Presents.” Richard most recently published a book of poetry and short stories. He can be reached at richardmabeyjr@hotmail.com.

In June of 1996, I was 42. My dad was now 68. Dad was fighting a bout with prostate cancer, so it was not possible for him to hike the Appalachian Trail. Reverend Herwaldt knew that I earned Eagle Scout and had served as an Assistant Scoutmaster for Boy Scout Troop 170 for many years, so he appointed me to be the leader of the pack. The stretch of the Appalachian Trail, that traverses New Jersey, is 72 miles in length. However, during our one-day hike, we hiked a little over 20 miles. We left the First Reformed Church in Lincoln Park at 6:00, that morning. One of the boy’s fathers drove us to our starting point near the New York State and New Jersey border. Along the hike, I had the honor of reviewing with the boys, how to identify the different species of trees. I pointed out natural, edible plants. Along our hike, we saw all so many different birds. I brought my Boy Scout Handbook in my backpack, and used it as a reference, while the boys successfully iden tified the various species of birds. Squirrels abounded, climbing the oak, the maple and the elm. We stood still and remained quiet as we watched a group of deer walk through the forest. All in all, it was a most wonderful and memorable day. We all had brought sandwiches that we packed in our backpacks. There is something to be said for eating lunch, sitting upon a big rock, beneath the umbrella of majestic trees. The warmth of the golden sun, gentle breezes, birds singing in the trees, and squirrels seemingly flying from tree limb to limb. I remember, all so very well, that Reverend Herwaldt read a few Palms to the boys. It was a most heartwarming moment in time.

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JOHN T. BAZZURRO, Esq. Accordingly, in light of all of the above, it is prudent to make sure that your motor vehicle complies with all of the above statutes in order to prevent being pulled over by law enforcement even where you have not actually committed a moving tra ffi c violation. JOHN T. BAZZURRO, Esq. CERTIFIED BY THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY AS A CIVIL TRIAL ATTORNEY LAW OFFICES OF JOHN T. BAZZURRO, LLC 200 Meco Drive, Millstone Township, New Jersey 08535 Phone (732) 410-5350 Fax (732) 810-0006 200 Meco Drive, Millstone Twp., NJ jtbazzurro@bazzurrolaw.com • BAZZURROLAW.COM Joseph Fattorusso, Esq. Associate Attorney Member New Jersey and New York Bars Avoid Being Pulled Over by The Police? By John Bazzurro Obviously, the easy way to avoid being pulled over is to refrain fr om violating any tra ffi c violations. However, in my practice, I have recently seen a number of people pulled over for reasons other than moving violations under the tra ffi c code. Because the fi rst defense for attorneys in representing individuals in municipal court is to challenge whether or not the o ffi cer had appropriate cause under New Jersey law to actually make the stop in the fi rst place, any “legal” reason that an o ffi cer has to e ff ectuate a tra ffi c stop makes the attorneys’ defense of any case much more di ffi cult. Other than moving violations, the four most used violations by o ffi cers to validate a potential, otherwise “illegal” tra ffi c stop have to do with simple equipment violations that can be resolved rather quickly and inexpensively. Th e fi rst equipment violation relates to the “improper” covering of a license plate by a license plate frame. License plate frames are generally the plastic “frames” that are given out by most car dealers or that can be bought in any automotive store. New Jersey law prohibits a motor vehicle from having a license plate frame which conceals or otherwise obscures “any marking” on the license plate. Th us, if a portion of the words “New Jersey” or “Garden State” is obscured on your license plate in any way, a police o ffi cer has the legal right to e ff ectuate a tra ffi c stop. Th e second violation relates to items hanging o ff of your rearview mirror and other obstructions of the windshield and front side windows. New Jersey law prohibits the operation of any vehicle which is “constructed, equipped or loaded” so as to “unduly” interfere with the driver’s vision. New Jersey case law has held that items hanging from the rearview mirror could fall under the language of this statute. However, the statute also includes the existence of stickers, signs, radar detectors, navigation systems or any other device or mechanism attached to the front windshield. Th e third violation relates to tinted windows. Th e same statute that restricts the hanging of anything from the rear view mirror also has been construed to hold that tinted windows constitute such an obstruction of view and, as such, the tinting of any three of your front windows would constitute appropriate cause for a law enforcement o ffi cer to pull you over even where you have not committed a moving tra ffi c violation. Th e fourth violation relates to broken lights on your vehicle such as headlights, taillights, brake lights and signal lights. Even where you have not committed a moving tra ffi c violation, a law enforcement o ffi cer has appropriate cause to e ff ectuate a tra ffi c stop where he observes that one of your lights is not operational. It should be noted that the fi nes and penalties for these violations, in and of themselves, are not excessive. However, as is o ft en the case, the law enforcement o ffi cers, upon e ff ectuating a tra ffi c stop will then observe that the driver or passengers in the vehicle have violated other motor vehicle and/or criminal statutes such as driving while intoxicated (DWI), driving under the in fl uence (DUI), possession of controlled dangerous substances (CDS), possession of drug paraphernalia, open containers of alcohol in a vehicle, possession of a weapon or any other o ff enses which the o ffi cer may observe during a tra ffi c stop. Once you are pulled over for a valid reason, it is di ffi cult for an attorney to challenge the tra ffi c stop on the basis of articulable suspicion or probable cause.

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